Following a month away, facing Europe’s existential heat-wave crisis, I presented at major sustainability-related conferences. I held meetings with my counterparts, subject experts and knowledgeable officials in Asia and Europe. It appears the message is starting to sink in. While some deep ecologist lament it is too late, holding the doom and gloom placard, many – especially the young – are saying enough is enough. A combination of capitalism and corruption and plain disregard for our fellow human is what got us here. Climate crisis is real, and we have no one to blame than ourselves. So let’s make the necessary change for the better. Let’s ensure sustainability matters!

It appears that 2019 is poised to be the year humanity woke up to itself. Climate Action: a race we can win, says the United Nations, whose plan is aimed at achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. With sea levels rising, coral reefs dying, are we starting to see the life-threatening impact of climate change on health, through air pollution, heat-waves and risks to food security. Even though not in total agreement (namely Saudi Arabia – with a significant vested interest in petroleum products – question the results and then backed down; and Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic blocked EU decarbonization 2050 targets), the latest analysis shows that if we act now, we can reduce carbon emissions within 12 years and hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C and even, as asked by the latest Science, to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.

Several countries/regions, as set out in the non-compulsory 2015 Paris Agreement, have set a net-zero target date of 2050 including Chile, Costa Rica, Denmark, the European Union, Fiji, France, Germany, Ireland, Japan, Marshall Islands, New Zealand, Portugal, United Kingdom, with others pledging even sooner. Most notable is Bhutan which is already net-negative and looking to be carbon-neutral by 2050. While there is not a consensus yet on the best path forward, climate scientists at the IPCC do agree that the world needs to transition entirely to clean energy by mid-century. As we move away from fossil fuels and towards the use of renewables, carbon emissions and thus air pollution will attenuate.

Another often cited solution is to plant carbon-eating trees, lots of them. In a recent post, I mentioned how some governments had mandated tree-planting; however, it turns out that the most potential to restore trees can be found in just six countries: Russia (151 million hectares); USA (103 million); Canada (78 million); Australia (58 million); Brazil (50 million); and China (40 million). A quick calculation published in the journal Science shows that there is a potential for an extra 2.2 billion acres of tree cover in areas that would naturally support woodland and forests. These trees once mature could absorb and store 205 billion tonnes of carbon mostly from the atmosphere, and thus tackle around two-thirds of the 300 billion extra tonnes of carbon present there due to human activity since the industrial revolution.
To be competent and credible, the UN sees that these plans cannot address mitigation alone: “they must show the way toward a full transformation of economies in line with sustainable development goals (SDGs)”. Some colleagues and I would argue even going beyond this steady-state-economy model. For us, experts in the field, we see that the climate change policy with the most to offer hinges on innovation. In the UN Climate Action Summit 2019 roadmap, the following action portfolios have been recognized as having the highest potential to curb greenhouse gas emissions and increase global action on adaptation and resilience:

• Finance: mobilizing public and private sources of funding to drive decarbonization of all priority sectors and advance resilience;
• Energy Transition: accelerating the shift away from fossil fuels and towards renewable energy, as well as making significant gains in energy efficiency;
• Industry Transition: transforming industries such as Oil and Gas, Steel, Cement, Chemicals and Information Technology;
• Nature-Based Solutions: Reducing emissions, increasing sink capacity and enhancing resilience within and across forestry, agriculture, oceans and food systems, including through biodiversity conservation, leveraging supply chains and technology;
• Cities and Local Action: Advancing mitigation and resilience at urban and local levels, with a focus on new commitments on low-emission buildings, mass transport and urban infrastructure; and resilience for the urban poor;
• Resilience and adaptation: advancing global efforts to address and manage the impacts and risks of climate change, particularly in those communities and nations most vulnerable.

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